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In this edition of his widely acclaimed study, Marion B. Lucas tackles one of the most debated questions about the Civil War: Who burned South Carolina's capital city on February 17, 1865? Before the fires had finished smoldering, Confederates and Federals accused each other of starting the blaze, igniting a controversy that has raged for more than a century. To determine the actual origin of the fire, Lucas sifts through myriad official records, newspapers, and eyewitness accounts. The evidence he amasses allows him to debunk many of the myths surrounding the tragedy. Unlike generations of South Carolinians and students of the Civil War, he does not assign particular blame to William Tecumseh Sherman but implicates both Confederate and Federal troops. Lucas traces the damage not to a single blaze but to a series of fires—preceded by an equally unfortunate series of military and civilian blunders—that included the burning of cotton bales by fleeing Confederate soldiers.
- Sales Rank: #1466677 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-11-01
- Released on: 2012-11-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Bell Irivn Wiley (1906–1980), who edited this volume for publication, was a noted historian of the Confederacy.
Most helpful customer reviews
19 of 24 people found the following review helpful.
PLENTY OF BLAME FOR ALL INVOLVED
By E. E Pofahl
Professor Lucas has written a well researched analysis of the burning of Columbia, South
Carolina by the Federal army. There were strategic military reasons for Sherman's march
through central South Carolina. Columbia "was an important war manufacturing
center--one of the few still in Confederate hands--providing munitions, equipment, and
uniforms....central South Carolina contained the last Confederate sources of food
untouched by war." Governor Magrath pointed out to Jefferson Davis that the borders of
South Carolina were Richmond's second line of defense which was confirmed when
Richmond fell less than two months after Columbia surrendered.
The author outlines the wartime conditions in Columbia noting that both the civilian and
military authorities were tardy in realizing the obvious danger to the city and even slower
to act. Finally the author writes "The missing ingredient with the Confederate camp....was
a belief in the possibility of success. The defeatism of Beauregard's leadership was
abundantly clear...."
Chapter 2 gives a succinct account of the evacuation of Columbia noting that inspite of
the desperate condition of the Confederate armies, the large arsenals and war supplies in
Columbia were not evacuated. The cotton in storage was moved into the streets with
orders for it to be burned which contributed to the later fires. Columbia Mayor Goodwyn
surrendered the city while scores of bewildered Columbians, in an ill-conceived attempt to
placate a dreaded conqueror, began distributing alcoholic beverages to the soldiers. This
precipitated an insurmountable problem.
A balanced account of the burning of Columbia is given. The most damaging fire began
about eight p.m.on February 17th, was of inexplicable origin and was not extinguished for
six or seven hours when the wind abated. With drunken men roaming the streets, rioting
and acts of personal violence were bound to occur. Confusion reigned and most control
over the city was lost . The extent of the damage following the fire is reviewed. About
one-third of Columbia was destroyed with the business community virtually wiped out and
265 residences burned.
Regarding who burned Columbia, the conclusions were (and still are) along partisan lines.
South Carolinians charged Sherman as "morally responsible for the burning of Columbia".
Union officers and troops felt that while the events in Columbia were regrettable they
were the results of acts of war. Sherman entered South Carolina to disrupt the state's
transportation system and bring an end to the war by destroying Southern morale.
However, Professor Lucas notes "The failure of Sherman's psychological warfare, a new
kind of war which Southern civilians did not understand, was that the hatred generated
during the invasion did not terminate with the war's end."
The post war criticisms of and charges against Sherman and the Union army are reviewed.
The author notes that the Confederates as they evacuated the city began the looting and
plundering then the entering Federal troops seized what was left. The unanswered
question of incendiarism, the most disputed issue, is complicated by a lack of reliable
eyewitness accounts.
In summary, Sherman failed to take timely and sufficient action to control both the fires
and the riots. However, the author notes that the failure of Confederate leadership in the
defense of South Carolina and the evacuation of the city played a major role in creating a
situation which resulted in the destruction of the city. In addition no preparations were
made by Beauregard, Hampton or the city fathers for the official surrender of the city
when a formal declaration of Columbia as an open city may have produced positive
results.
In conclusion, Professor Lucas writes that the burning of Columbia was a great tragedy
for South Carolina and the Union stating "....when the Union Army left Columbia on
February 20, 1865, it left behind bitter hatred. Many citizens had lost everything they
possessed, while others had gone through the catastrophe relatively unscathed. All,
however, suffered psychologically. They had promised to give their "all" in defense of
South Carolina and the Confederacy; it was painfully apparent that few had done so. Long
before Columbia was captured, Columbians had given up."
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Sherman and the Burning of Columbia
By LostMarble
This is a thorough and judicious study of a limited but perennially controversial topic in Civil War history. The author reviews and analyzes all the eyewitness evidence for the occupation of Columbia, South Carolina, by William Tecumseh Sherman's army in 1865, and the disastrous fires and riot that ensued. He also critiques the post-bellum investigations and accounts that endeavored to fix blame. He combines his scholarship with an engrossing narrative style and expresses it in crystalline prose. He concludes and demonstrates that there were multiple causes for the events, and assigns blame to both Confederate officials and Union military, as well as to natural forces. But he counters accusations that General Sherman deliberately ordered the incendiarism, and shows that far less of Columbia was destroyed than often claimed. I recommend this book to those interested in the specific subject, but think the level of detail might be tiresome for the general reader.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
WHO BURNED COLUMBIA,SC?
By Amazon Customer
My 11 yr old granddaughter (Columbia, SC) has been taught that Sherman and his army burned Columbia after firing cannon balls at the Capital. Lucas debunks the long held myth that Sherman burned Columbia. The "honor" of the burning goes to Wade Hampton (CSA) who ordered firing debris in the streets to make it appear to Sherman's approaching Army that the city was on fire. However, the fires get out of hand due to strong winds and many buildings caught fire. In addition, Lucas points out that it was not unusual for Confederates in towns threatened by Sherman to order that buildings containing valuable war supplies be burned. The book is well written and like no other focuses upon this city's part in Sherman's march to the sea and afterward.
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